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Violent Video Games And Aggressive Behavior - 3372 Words

Violent Video Games And Aggressive Behavior Jamal St.Germain Introduction Since we live in a technology age, technology is being formed into entertainment for people of all ages such as video games and television. Although, these forms of entertainment are a good way to stay informed, they can also be corrupting different ages Behavior differentiation has been an all-time high for children all over the U.S, and many researchers have found the reasoning to why these changes are happening. This is tied behind the non-socially acceptable behaviors to violence and type content that is put out through technological entertainment (Carnagey, N. L., Anderson, C. A., Bushman, B. J., 2007). Video games today are made completely different then many years ago; in today’s world you could find a gaming console in every household. Most games today try to connect you into a game mentally, which will overall try and make you a part of any type of game. The visual effects of video games unfortunately stay with a child as they grow up, children may think that what th ey have seen are could be perform in society. Different topics will be addressed throughout this paper such as how violence and aggression can be influential in the real world, the different effects video games can have on the brain, the negative effects of violent video games on behavior, how addiction of games can lead to other serious addictions, concerns on social developmentShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Aggressive Behavior3708 Words   |  15 PagesThe Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior: Potential Sex Differences study that was conducted by Bruce D. Bartholow, of University of Missouri – Columbia, and Craig A. Anderson, of Iowa State University, examined how playing a violent video game affected levels of aggression displayed in a laboratory setting. Recently, violent behavior in children and teenagers has gained more and more attention as video games have become more popular. The study mentions that, in contrast to EasternRead MoreDo Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior?1383 Words   |  6 Pages Do Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior? Samantha Remesz Saginaw Valley State University Abstract This paper explores violent video games and their affects on people’s behavior and emotions. An experimental study was done by Smith, Lachlan, and Tamborini and is investigated further. The researchers wanted to examine people’s behavior after playing violent video games as well as nonviolent video games and compare the differences of the two. The study observes boys and girlsRead MoreDo Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior?1128 Words   |  5 PagesAmanda Cummings Essay Lesson II Do Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior? How and why does mass media influence aggressive behavior? More specifically, does playing video games cause aggressive behavior? Because children and teenagers spend an increased amount of time each day viewing/playing video games, they are shaping their values, attitudes, and behaviors. For people who do act out aggressively, the results can be deadly. Monthly, the news is filled with blood-chillingRead MoreThe Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior Essay2109 Words   |  9 Pagesnew forms of entertainment, one of the most popular being video games. Since their introduction, professionals and parents have become concerned with the addictive power that video games can have on people, particularly children and adolescents. Today, concern has shifted from the addictive effects of video game playing to the possible effects that they have on players’ aggression levels. As defining aggression as any thoughts or behaviors related with the intention to cause harm. Many scholars haveRead More Does Playing Violent Video Games Promote Aggressive Behavior?2480 Words   |  10 Pages Violent video games are becoming more popular among children and adolescents of all ages since its debut approximately 30 years ago. This growing popularity is generating an increasing concern that these sometimes very graphic videos and life like characters can have a negative influence on the younger generation. Although never proven, there has been speculation that some of the high school shootings across the country were committed by students who were habitual players of violent videoRead MoreSynthesis Essay Do Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior?1697 Words   |  7 PagesViolent Video Games Made Me Do It School shootings years ago in Paducah, Kentucky; Jonesboro, Arkansas; and Littleton Colorado, have raised the question time and time again. Do violent video games have an influence on children and their aggressive behavior? In all three of these brutal shootings, all the shooters were students who habitually played violent video games. The Columbine High School students who murdered thirteen and wounded twenty-three in Littleton before committing suicide after theRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Children And Adolescents Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the hottest issues in the media in the past decade is violence in video games and how violent video games influence aggressive and violent behavior in children and adolescents. Some psychologists believe violent video games influence violent behavior in children through social learning and modeling behaviors after characters in video games that â€Å"glorify† violence and criminals (Schultz Schultz, 2013, p. 331). Other psychologists argue that other factors, such as poor socioeconomic statusRead MoreDoes Violent Video Games Cause Violent Behavior?1274 Words   |  6 Pages Does Violent Video Games Cause Agressive Behavior in Teens? Ryan Bia Arizona State University Abstract Violence is ubiquitous in today’s modern society and we are constantly exposed to it through the media, movies and through video games. It is not uncommon to go visit a home in the United States and find a video game console in the home along with mature video games. Video games started off just as entertainment that had meager violence but as time progressed the graphics have improved andRead MoreVideo Game Violence : The Cause Of Violent Video Games1000 Words   |  4 Pagesmentioned that the cause of violent video games became an issue for public debate after teenagers and the main cause of this is the parallel effect. Based on the Studies done for violent video games correspond with individuals having violent acts. Also, young adolescents reveal that those who play a lot of violent video games become more aggressive and see the world as more hostile. The article also revealed that this acts would be a coincidence or a cause from playing violent videos. Additionally, rese archersRead MoreVideo Game : Video Games1584 Words   |  7 Pagesthe violent video games that are commonly played by boys and girls, young and old alike in today’s society. Many experts fear that this violence in video games increases violence in people in real life, causing people to act out as if they were in the video game, increasing aggressive behavior so much that it could actually escalate to shooting, stabbing, and killing people. There have already been many cases of these extreme examples of violence in the news that share a connection with video games

Microeconomics Elasticity Concept - Click to know Solution

Questions: 1. What is the midpoint method for calculating price elasticity of demand? How else can the price elasticity of demand be calculated? What is the advantage of the midpoint formula? 2. What are the key determinants of the price elasticity of demand for a product? What determinant is the most important? 3. In 2003, when music downloading first took off, Universal Music slashed the average price of a CD from $21 to $15. The company expected the price cut to boost the quantity of CDs sold by 30 per cent, other things remaining the same.What was Universal Musics estimate of the price elasticity of demand for CDs?If you were making the pricing decision at Universal Music, what would be your pricing decision? Explain your decision. 4. In May 2009, iTunes raised the price of 33 songs from 99 per download to $1.29 per download. In the week following the price rise, the quantity of downloads of these 33 songs fell 35 per cent. Taking this into account calculate the price elasticity of demand for these 33 songs. 5. A 5 per cent fall in the price of chocolate sauce increases the quantity of chocolate sauce demanded by 10 per cent; and with no change in the price of ice cream, the quantity of ice cream demanded increases by 15 per cent.Calculate the price elasticity of demand for chocolate sauce.Calculate the cross elasticity of demand for ice cream with respect to the price of chocolate sauce.Are ice cream and chocolate sauce substitutes or complements? Why? Answers: 1. The midpoint formula is used in calculating the arc elasticity. It gives the elasticity of one variable with respect to another variable between two points situated in the demand curve. The formula for price elasticity of demand is ((Q2-Q1) / ((Q2+Q1) / 2)) / ((P2-P1) / ((P2+P1) / 2)). Figure 1: Two points on the demand curve for calculating mid point arc elasticity. Source: As created by the author. In the figure above, P1 and Q1 are the initial level of price and quantity in the demand curve. Similarly, P2 and Q2 are the next level of price and quantity, which comes due to the change in price and commodity. According to Nelson (2013), the midpoint elasticity is calculated from these two points. It is calculated by dividing the variable by the midpoint value. The other ways of calculating the price elasticity of demand are: Total expenditure Method Revenue Method Point Elasticity of Demand Proportionate method According to Mankiw (2013), the advantage of using the midpoint formula is that wherever the two points on the demand curve might be, that does not affect the value of the price elasticity of a products demand. The points can be situated at any places of the demand curve, but the value will remain unaffected. According to Baumol and Blinder (2015), instead of taking the starting points in the curve, it is calculated by dividing the variable by the midpoint values. This makes the mid-point elasticity method more reliable than the other methods. 2. The key determinants of the price elasticity of demand for a product are as follows: The type of the commodity determines the price elasticity. A necessary good does not show the same price elasticity value as a luxury good. As stated by Wang (2016), the substitute goods available for a commodity determine the price elasticity of a good. If the good can be easily substituted by other goods, then price elasticity will be closer to one. If the available substitutes are less numbered, the price elasticity will be closer to zero, as the good cannot be replaced by other commodities during an increase in price. The duration of the change of price also plays a key determining role for the price elasticity of demand for the good. In the case of a long time of increased price, the consumers will prefer using the substitute goods. Importance of a commodity to the consumers is a key determinant of the price elasticity of demand for a product. As stated by Varian (2014), a necessary good is always more important to a consumer than a luxury good. Consumers level of income also determines the price elasticity of demand. If a consumer have low income level, then an increase in price will affect his demand pattern and he will shift to a substitute good. On the other hand, if the consumers income is high, he will be less affected by the change in price. Brand loyalty of the consumers also plays an important role here. A loyal consumer will stick to the good, even when a change in price occurs. 3. The quantity demanded has been changed by 30 percent or 3/10. The price has been changed by $21 - $15 = $6. Hence, the percent change in price is (15-21) / [1/2 (15 + 21)] = 1/3. Now the price elasticity of demand is Ed. Ed = {(Q1-Q2) / [1/2 (Q1+Q2)]} / {(P1-P2) / [1/2 (P1 + P2)]}. Here, Q1 is the initial quantity with P1 being the initial price. Q2 is the new level of quantity and P2 is the new level of price. Now putting the respective values, Ed becomes Ed = (3/10) / (1/3) = 9 / 10 = 0.9. Here the Ed is less than 1. Hence, the demand is inelastic. This shows the change in price has no effect on the demand of CDs of Universal Music. According to Toutkoushian and Paulsen (2016), this can be caused by Veblen effect or brand loyalty. Hence, the price decision can be in the favour of the company, where the company can increase the price, but due to the inelastic demand curve, the demand for the CDs of Universal Music remains the same. This way, the increased price level will only mean more revenue. 4. iTunes increased the price of 33 songs in the May of 2009. The price increased from 99 per download to $1.29 per download. Hence, the change in the price level of per download of 33 songs is as follows ($1.29-$0.99) = $ 0.3. This means, the total change in the level of price was (33*0.3) = $9.9. Therefore, the percentage change in the level of price per download was Pd = (P1-P2) / [1/2 (P1 + P2)]. Here, P1 and P2 are the initial and changed level of price. Pd = ($0.99-$1.29) / [(1/2)*($0.99 + $1.29)], or 0.2632. The percentage change in quantity demanded for all 33 songs are given by 35% = 35/100 = 0.35. Hence, the price elasticity of demand Ed for the songs is = {(Q1-Q2) / [1/2 (Q1+Q2)]} / {(P1-P2) / [1/2 (P1 + P2)]}. Putting the values in Ed, the elasticity can derived as, 0.35/0.2632 = 1.3. As stated by Gordon, Goldfarb and Li (2013), here, the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1. This means the demand for the 33 songs are elastic. Hence, an increase in the price level will result in decrease in the quantity demanded and vice versa. According to Cavalli and Naimzada (2015), this follows the basic law of demand, which states that an increase in the price will cause a decrease in the quantity demanded of a good, assuming all other things remaining constant. 5. Given that, 5 per cent fall in the price of chocolate sauce increases the quantity of chocolate sauce demanded by 10 per cent. Hence, own price elasticity for chocolate sauce is as given below: Price Elasticity of demand is given by = = 10% / 5% = 2. The price elasticity for demand of chocolate sauce is 2, which is greater than 1, i.e. Ed 1. Hence, it is elastic. As stated by Thimmapuram and Kim (2013), now any decrease in the price level will increase the demand, and an increase in the price level of the good will decrease the demand for chocolate sauce. The cross price elasticity of a product is as given by: = 15% / 5% = 3 Therefore, the cross price elasticity for ice cream is 3, which is greater than 1. Hence, the ice cream is elastic with respect to the price of chocolate sauce. According to Rios, McConnell and Brue (2013), that means a fall in the price of the chocolate sauce will increase the demand for the ice cream, and vice versa. This only makes ice cream and chocolate sauce complements. The reason behind this scenario is chocolate sauce is used with ice cream. It improves the taste of the ice cream. Hence, makes it a complementary product for ice cream. References: Baumol, W.J. and Blinder, A.S., 2015. Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Cavalli, F. and Naimzada, A., 2015. Effect of price elasticity of demand in monopolies with gradient adjustment. Chaos, Solitons Fractals, 76, pp.47-55. Gordon, B.R., Goldfarb, A. and Li, Y., 2013. Does price elasticity vary with economic growth? A cross-category analysis. Journal of Marketing Research, 50(1), pp.4-23. Mankiw, N.G., 2013. Elasticity and its Application Nelson, J.P., 2013. Meta-analysis of alcohol price and income elasticitieswith corrections for publication bias.Health economics review,3(1), pp.1-10. Rios, M.C., McConnell, C.R. and Brue, S.L., 2013. Economics: Principles, problems, and policies. McGraw-Hill. Thimmapuram, P.R. and Kim, J., 2013. Consumers' price elasticity of demand modeling with economic effects on electricity markets using an agent-based model. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 4(1), pp.390-397. Toutkoushian, R.K. and Paulsen, M.B., 2016. Demand and Supply in Higher Education. InEconomics of Higher Education(pp. 149-198). Springer Netherlands. Varian, H.R., 2014. Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company Thirlwall, A.P., 2014. The balance of payments constraint as an explanation of the international growth rate differences.PSL Quarterly Review,32(128). Wang, S., 2016. Microeconomic Theory (Book). Browser Download This Paper.

Finch In A Pinch Essays - Finches, Darwins Finches, Gouldian Finch

Finch In A Pinch Problem Statement As scientists, we have come to this island to observe the evolution of finches when forced into an unfamiliar habitat with a changing food supply. Hypothesis We believe our finch, Pherous robustus, will have a good chance at survival because its beak will allow for the finch to grasp many different seed shapes and sizes. Conclusion During our first 5 years, corn grew well on the island. Our finch population steadily increased during this time period. Our finch was very well adapted to eating the corn because it was very easy for our finch to pick up. During the next five years there was a drought and only block plants grew. Our finch population steadily decreased during this time period because our finches could not pick up the seeds. They were much too large for their medium sized beaks. Our finches were not well adapted to the block plant seeds. During the 10 15 years, the block plants died out and the pony bead plants took over. The pony bead seeds were very tiny, however our finch was versatile enough to handle the seeds. During this time period our finch population grew slightly because the seeds could be picked up, but with more difficulty than the corn. During the final generations of our finches the drought ended and all types of foods could be grown again. In this type of environment, our finch population steadily increased because the corn and the pony beads were both present as well as the harder to pick up blocks. Our hypothesis was correct for the most part, however we thought our bird would be more versatile than it really was. Our finches had a very hard time picking up the block seeds because of their very large size. Our finch was very well adapted to picking up seeds smaller than its head. The corn was the ideal seed for our finches but the pony beads were edible when the conditions changed. Data Table Population Per Year Specie 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Pherous robustus 153 157 167 170 172 164 155 149 146 141 140 140 140 137 136 139 143 146 149 152 Tweezeris bentails 149 146 146 146 145 151 150 157 162 166 161 172 172 174 172 169 164 172 177 178 Plierous normalis 154 158 166 183 181 187 188 193 196 202 202 205 205 206 211 215 220 230 240 247 Tweeseris pointus 155 156 165 172 178 177 180 181 181 179 184 192 192 193 200 202 204 201 208 212 Tosserus saladis 143 141 142 138 136 154 164 177 191 203 195 179 179 168 157 156 164 163 165 163 Summary All of the finches studied in this experiment originated on the same island. On this island there was diversified food success, allowing natural selection to take place and create separate species to fill different niches on the island. When the natural disaster occurred the finches were forced to migrate to another island where the conditions were not as favorable. The finches that were once separated by clines and food sources are now competing for survival. The adaptations that the finches evolved on the original island made some finches more successful at food acquisition on the new island. Due to allopatric speciation the isolated population began to deviate form the parent population because of the founder effect and is was less likely to gene flow. The isolated finch population began to diverge genetically under the pressure of different selective forces. The linage is then spread through cladogenesis. As the food sources changed, different finches in the same species were more successful. Therefore through stabilizing selection the extreme individuals were eliminated by the changing food sources. Because the separate species were able to fill several niches in the environment, polymorphism allows the finches to coexist despite their phenotypic differences. Once the finches arrived on the island, some finches were better adapted than others. For instance, when there was corn available on the island, tosserus saladus had a hard time picking up the tiny corn with such a large beak. Tweezeris bentalis also had a hard time with the corn because of its beak been

Shark Fins Essay Example

Shark Fins Essay Example Shark Fins Essay Shark Fins Essay Should we eat sharks’ fins? Shark’s fin soup is a delicacy which is enjoyed by many people around the world, especially the Chinese as they believe that it symbolizes wealth, honour and respect. However, the practice of cutting off sharks’ fins alive and then throwing them back into the sea had caused increasing awareness and ire of animal rights and environment advocates. Statistics have estimated that one hundred million sharks are killed every year, not considering the fact that these numbers are still increasing. In my personal viewpoint, I feel that sharks’ fins should not be consumed due to ethical, environmental and health issues. It is immorally incorrect to cut off sharks’ fins alive and then throwing them back into the sea. By doing so, we are inflicting excruciating pain and suffering to the sharks. Science research has shown that there is actually in fact no great biological divide between humans and animals. Darwin demonstrated how animals and humans are clearly linked through evolutionary continuity and recent research has even shown that similar nervous systems as humans and respond to pain like we do. It is highly inhumane and cruel to slaughter sharks in such a way that they have to experience so much agony just for the sake of our desires and craves. There is no reason for the very fact of humanity’s superiority over other animals means we have the reason to exploit other species. It is only reasonable for us to leave sharks alone when they have not caused much harm to us in any way. Since it is incorrect for us to kill sharks, we should deter ourselves from craving for sharks’ fins. Additionally, by killing such a great number of sharks would lead to environmental issues. One of the impacts would be the imminent extinction of the shark species. According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, 143 shark species which is over 55 percent of the shark species are facing a high risk of extinction either now or in the near future. It has also been discovered that excessive fishing has caused a 90 percent decline in shark populations across the world’s oceans and up to 99 percent along the United States east coast. Another impact would be an imbalance in the ecological system. In the natural world, all elements of an ecosystem are interconnected and depend on each other in one way or another. Sharks, being the top predator, act as caretakers of the environment, picking off the smaller and weaker species, but helping to ensure healthy populations and a balanced ecosystem. Hence, if the shark population is wiped out from the eco system, it will have a devastating impact on other species within the marine environment. Some of these species are valuable sources of food, and economic gains. Therefore, environmental concern is one of the most crucial reasons why we should not consume sharks’ fins. Besides being morally wrong and creating harm to the environment, eating shark fin has been proven to be harmful to our bodies. Some people have claimed health benefits of sharks’ fin soup. However, these claims are unfounded. Instead, in fact, sharks contain a high level of mercury which would cause damage to the human central nervous system and birth defects in infants. The United States Environmental Protection Agency caution consumers that sharks, with their long life spans of fifty plus years, absorb and store significant amounts of mercury in their fins often at high level. Additionally, it is discovered that sharks’ fins are often treated with hydrogen peroxide so as to make their colours more appealing to consumers. Moreover, there have been several cases in which business companies sell fake shark’s fins for the benefit of economic gains. The China Daily in Beijing and Japanese language Hong Kong Post have reported on phony fins sold as pure sharks’ fins sold through Asia and North America. Generally, most of these cases involve bogus fins made from a variety of ingredients before being bleached white with highly corrosive chemicals. The consumption of these bogus fins is definitely harmful to health. Given the adverse effects on human health, sharks’ fins should hence not be eaten. In conclusion, sharks’ fins should not be consumed due to the several negative impacts it will bring to the environment and our health, even to the extent of sacrificing our moral values.

High Cost Xerox Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

High Cost Xerox - Essay Example According to Slatter, there are six major sources of cost disadvantage which can lead to a firm having to charge higher prices than its competitors.Let us analyze and apply the six factors illustrated by Slatter, to the Xerox corporation to get a better picture of the negative consequences of high over head costs: Due to staggering assets and international ventures that this long standing company had accumulated over the past few decades, Xerox's cash position had become tenuous. Its liquidity had deteriorated to the point where capital markets froze Xerox out. Cash is king in an economy in recession. like in 2000,and Xerox was crippled with assets without cash flow. High overhead costs piled up due management's obsession with expensive quality control measures during a fairly weak financial position. A perfect quality index while being admirable ,costs a lot of money. The trade-offs associated with 100% quality proved to be too large ,leading Xerox to increase its pricing scheme ,thus creating a negative competitive position. Some international and even local markets were not willing to pay the price for quality especially when Japanese low cost ,high quality products began invading the market. Xerox's biggest weakness proved to be its financial situation, and specifically the heavy debt and the low profitability. The organization was too large leading to huge over head costs.Unlike its competitors who were concentrating on more advanced and diversified technology, Xerox employees were living in the past inspite of Xerox's attempts at diversification.They still were focused on being a copier company rather than a profitable documentation company or a modern information technology company. This resulted in loss of direction .Like all giant companies, it was difficult for talented innovators and entrepreneurs to survive, and instead the mediocrity had taken over and threatened the company from the inside. The once thriving copier division was still too influential and vetoed other innovative projects .(Johan Olsson,january 1996). This made Xerox have weak credibility on the IT-business side lending it a less sophisticated image than its competition. 2. Absolute cost disadvantages which result from competitors controlling strategic variable not available to the firm itself: Let us take the example of the Japanese company Canon,which proved to be Xerox's biggest and cleverest opponent. As a late entrant in the copier market, Canon was forced to concentrate on niches where Xerox was weak. One of these was the low end, which Canon attacked with a series of progressively smaller machines, culminating, in 1982, with the launch of the personal copier. Copiers were notorious for breaking down, a propensity Xerox exploited by charging for service calls. Canon realized that to be successful, a personal copier would not only have to be cheap, it would also have to be virtually service free. Canon's revolutionary solution was to include all the key components - drum, charger,

Social Networking Sites for Communication Term Paper

Social Networking Sites for Communication - Term Paper Example Organisation culture explicitly defines an organization from others. The uniqueness of a culture contributes to the success of the organisation. They influence the mode of interaction, communication and the pursuit of the organisation goals. It forms the framework of evaluating organisation communication and the avenue for embracing individual and collective actions in the organisation. Organisation culture has a direct link with organisation communication. The way an individual communicates with others in an organisation influence the organisation's culture. It becomes more important when employees and managers need to communicate on the organization's culture. A clear understanding of the role of communication in organisational culture helps one to maximize his skills and hence the attainment of the organization’s goals (Champoux, 2010). Social networking sites are an example of communications that can effectively relay information. Organisation cultures equally adapt genera l characteristics that aid in the running of an organisation. The organisation culture characteristics directly affect the performance of stakeholders and thus the productivity of an organisation (Towers, 2006). Productivity is the act of utilizing the available resources to generate significant outcomes. Productivity aims at maximum profits and depends on factors like motivation, participation, and training. Communication plays a very significant role in an organisation. This paper will address will analyze how social networking sites help employers to communicate organisation cultures to the employees. The paper will also discuss four organisational culture characteristics that may motivate or de-motivate an employee’s productivity. The organisation culture characteristics definition depends on many aspects. From a communicative point of view, this paper will define four distinct characteristics of organisation culture. They include dynamic, competing assumptions and values, inextricable link, and foreground and background for an organ ization’s communication. The social networking sites that may help in communicating these characteristics include Face book, twitter, yahoo, and blogs. There must be an inextricable link between an organisation culture and the organizations’ members. One individual does not create an organisations culture. Everybody who symbolically, physically or even socially participates in the activities of an organisation has a significant impact in the creation, development, reaction, and maintenance of its culture. Hence, every individual must be part of the culture. The coded languages and procedures used in a company is a culture that passes conveniently to new employees who have a chance of improving or altering it. Therefore, an organisations culture incorporates new and old employees. Hence, the culture cannot exist in isolation with the organisation members who created and maintains it. Therefore, all employees own the culture and will thus be motivated to perform as it di rects. This helps in attaining the organisations goals as well as improving productivity. According to Trice and Beyer, an organisation culture is dynamic and not static (Keyton, 2010). This is so because an organisational cu